ABSTRACT Fasciolosis and paramphistomosis are a major health problem for the livestock economy worldwide. In Colombia, both distomatosis are reported in cattle, particularly in high Andean tropics, with annual economic losses close to COP 40 billion. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis and paramphistomosis in cattle from La Candelaria farm, Caucasia (Colombia), and the presence of intermediate host snails. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with non-probability convenience sampling. Stool samples were collected from the animals and the diagnosis was made using the modified Dennis technique. Digenea prevalence were determined according to sex, weight, age, and race. Freshwater snails were collected in the studied area and were identified by morphology. 400 and 66 fecal samples from 178 bovines of the Zebu (Bos indicus), BON (white-eared white) breeds and the cross between them were analyzed. Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomidae were diagnosed with a prevalence of 2,2% and 30,9%, respectively. Coinfection was diagnosed in 1,1% of the cattle. Both trematodosis were most frequent in females (p = 0,03). Freshwater molluscs Ampullariidae, Physidae and Planorbidae without digenea larval stages were identified. It was concluded that dual-purpose cattle from La Candelaria farm are exposed to F. hepatica and Paramphistomidae and are probably infected on the farm grounds. Paramphistomidae was more prevalent than F. hepatica, which agrees with other studies in herds from the Colombian high Andean tropics. Paramphistomidae was found in all age groups.

RESUMEN En muchos países la fasciolosis y la paramfistomosis representan un grave problema para la salud del sector pecuario. En Colombia hay registros de ambas distomatosis en bovinos, la mayoría en el trópico alto andino, las cuales generan pérdidas econômicas anuales cercanas a 40 000 000 000 COP. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de fasciolosis y paramfistomosis en vacunos de la hacienda La Candelaria, Caucasia (Colombia), y la presencia de caracoles hospederos intermediarios. Para cumplirlo, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se recolectaron heces de los animales y se hizo el diagnóstico mediante la técnica modificada de Dennis. Se establecieron las prevalencias de los digeneos de acuerdo con el sexo, peso, edad y raza. Se recolectaron caracoles dulciacuícolas en la zona estudiada y se identificaron por morfologia. Se analizaron 466 muestras fecales de 178 bovinos, de las razas Cebú (Bos indicus), BON (blanco orejinegro) y del cruce entre ellas. Se diagnosticaron F. hepatica y Paramphistomidae con prevalencias del 2,2% y 30,9%, respectivamente. En el 1,1% de los vacunos se diagnosticó coinfección. Ambas trematodosis prevalecieron en las hembras (p = 0,03). Se identificaron moluscos dulciacuícolas Ampullariidae, Physidae y Planorbidae sin estadios larvarios de digeneos. Se concluyó que los bovinos de doble propósito de la hacienda La Candelaria están expuestos a F. hepatica y Paramphistomidae, y, probablemente, se infectan en los predios de la hacienda. Paramphistomidae es más prevalente que F. hepatica, lo cual concuerda con lo descrito en algunos estudios realizados en hatos del trópico alto andino colombiano. Paramphistomidae se encontró en todos los grupos etarios.

Objetivo: Comprender el Modo de vida de un grupo de trabajadores informales vendedores de productos agrícolas en carreta, en el territorio de Corabastos, Bogotá D.C., como aproximación al Perfil Epidemiológico del grupo. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, participaron 29 trabajadores informales, la recolección de la información se realizó por medio de cuatro técnicas cualitativas y fue analizada por medio del método de análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: El MV se describió a partir del reconocimiento del territorio, las condiciones grupales de trabajo, la calidad y disfrute de bienes de consumo del grupo, capacidad para crear y reproducir valores culturales e identidad, capacidad para empoderamiento, organización y soporte en beneficios del grupo y calidad de las relacionesecológicas de estos trabajadores informales Discusión y conclusiones: El concepto de MV que se describió es amplio y recoge categorías que no han sido evaluadas en otras investigaciones, específicamente en relación a los trabajadores informales y la inserción en un espacio social, un espacio ambiental, en la relación con instituciones estatales, valores culturales y su capacidad organizativa.

Objective: To understand the mode of life of a group of informal work sellers of agricultural products, who use, as a working tool, a wooden cart. The place for this economical activity is a place named Corabastos, a gathering place of agricultural products. It is located in Bogotá D.C. This is an approximation to the epidemiological profile of the group. Methodology: Qualitative, 29 informal workers participated, Data collection was conducted through four qualitative techniques and it was analyzed using the method of analysis of thematic content. Results:The mode of life of this group, was described taking a as a starting point some specific aspects: The recognition of the territory (Corabastos), the group working conditions, the quality and enjoyment of consumer goods in the group, the ability to create and reproduce cultural values and identity, the ability to empowerment, organization and support in order to benefit the group Finally, the ecological relationships of the group were also taken into account. Discussion and conclusions: The concept was described MV is broad and includes categories that have not been evaluated in other investigations, specifically in relation to informal workers and insertion in a social space, environmental space, in the relationship with state institutions, cultural values and its organizational capacity.

Objetivo: compreender o modo de vida de um grupo de trabalhadores vendedores informais de produtos agrícolas no carro no território de Corabastos, Bogotá DC, como um perfil epidemiológico aproximação do grupo. Metodologia: estudo qualitativo envolvendo 29 trabalhadores informais. A recolha de dados foi realizada por quatro métodos qualitativos e foi analisada pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A MV é descrito com base no reconhecimento do território, o grupo de condições de trabalho, qualidade e satisfação do grupo de bens de consumo, a capacidade de criar e reproduzir valores culturais e de identidade, capacidade de capacitação, organização e benefícios de suporte grupo ea qualidade das relações ecológicas desses trabalhadores informais. Discussão econclusões: o conceito foi descrito MV é amplo e inclui categorias que ainda não foram avaliados em outros estudos, especificamente em relação aos trabalhadores informais e inserção em um espaço social , um espaço ambiental, em relação às instituições do estado, valores culturais e capacidade organizacional.

Objetivo. Conocer los hábitos de amamantamiento de becerros Chinampos (Bos taurus) en diferentes etapas de su lactancia. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 20 vacas con su cría. A partir de los 30 hasta los 180 días de la lactancia los animales fueron observados durante 24 horas continuas cada mes registrando la frecuencia con la que los becerros mamaron y la duración de cada amamantamiento. Resultados. Los becerros mamaron con mayor frecuencia entre las 06:00 y las 07:00 hr, se observaron otros picos a las 10:00 y a las 19:00 hr. La frecuencia promedio de amamantamiento en 24 horas fue de 4.9±0.21 utilizando un total de 66.9 ± 3.1 minutos. Los becerros de 180 días de edad mamaron menos veces comparados con los de edades inferiores a los 150 días; la duración del amamantamiento disminuyó a los 180 días de edad (p<0.05). Las hembras mamaron con más frecuencia que los machos (p<0.05) pero el tiempo que utilizaron para esta actividad fue similar entre sexos (p>0.05). Conclusiones. La frecuencia de amamantamientos es mayor durante las primeras horas de la mañana y al final de la tarde. Hasta los 5 meses de edad la frecuencia y el tiempo de amamantamiento no variaron pero se redujeron a los 180 días y las hembras mamaron con más periodicidad que los machos.

Objective. To determine the nursing habits of Chinampo calves (Bos taurus) during different stages of lactation. Materials and methods. Twenty cows with their calves were used. The animals were observed from day 30 to 180 of lactation during 24 continuous hours each month, recording the frequency with which the calves nursed and the duration of each nursing. A linear model was used and correlations between age, weight of calves and milk production of cows, with the frequency and duration of nursing have been established. The means were compared by Tukey test. Results. The calves nursed with higher frequency between 06:00 and 07:00; other peaks were observed at 10:00 and at 19:00 hours. The average frequency of nursing in 24 hours was 4.9±0.21 using a total of 66.9±3.1 minutes. The calves of 180 days of age nursed fewer times with respect to those of ages below 150 days; the duration of nursing decreased at 180 days of age (p<0.05). The females nursed with more frequency than the males (p<0.05), but the time they occupied for this activity was similar between males and females (p>0.05). Conclusions. The frequency of nursing is higher during the first morning and late afternoon hours. Up until 5 months of age the frequency and time of nursing did not vary, but were reduced at 180 days. The females nursed with more periodicity than the males.

This paper presents the development of an experimental bench for performing time-domain tests on synchronous machines at standstill. The test bench allows the collection of experimental data which can then be used in the parameter estimation of mathematical models of synchronous motors and generators. The system development is based on the LabVIEW programming language. It effortlessly allows the calibration of voltage and current sensors, the d-q magnetic axis positioning of the synchronous generator, and the spectral analysis from the collected data. In addition, the testing environment includes non-sophisticated instrumentation elements and a power amplifier. This experimental bench has a friendly user interface which guides the user throughout a defined methodology to allow the achievement of the different time domain tests on synchronous machines. A 7kVA, 220V, 60Hz synchronous generator was used to show the functionality and usefulness of the test bench in research and teaching electrical machine theory.

Este artículo presenta el desarrollo una plataforma para implementar pruebas experimentales en el dominio del tiempo a generadores síncronos en estado de reposo. La plataforma de pruebas permite la obtención de datos experimentales que pueden ser utilizados posteriormente para la estimación de parámetros tanto de los modelos matemáticos de motores como de generadores síncronos. El desarrollo del sistema se basa en el lenguaje de programación LabVIEW, permitiendo de manera sencilla la calibración de los sensores de corriente y de voltaje, el posicionamiento de la máquina síncrona en sus ejes d-q, así como el análisis espectral de las señales adquiridas. Además, el sistema cuenta con elementos de instrumentación no sofisticados y un amplificador de potencia. La plataforma incluye una interfaz amigable que guía al usuario a través de una metodología definida del desarrollo de las diferentes pruebas en el dominio del tiempo en generadores síncronos. Para demostrar la funcionalidad y utilidad de la plataforma de pruebas en la enseñanza e investigación de máquinas eléctricas se empleó un generador síncrono de 7kVA, 220V y 60Hz.

Prevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies was studied in a poor community of Bogotá, Colombia. Two-hundred-sevem patients, from both sexes and all age groups, were studied. Positive Elisa titers were found in 47.5% of the population, a high prevalence compared with reports from developed countries. T. canis ova were positive in 43.6% of fecal samples from dog puppies. An endemic pattern of the disease is described: socioeconomic status, weathers, pollution, poor hygiene and a significant population of infected dogs. Neither the physical examination nor Elisa titers could detect any case of T. canis disease.